Causes

Gum disease begins when plaque builds up along and under the gum line. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red due to inflammation, which is the body’s natural response to the presence of harmful bacteria. Sometimes gum disease makes your gums tender and more likely to bleed. At this stage, the problem is reversible and can often be fixed by daily brushing and flossing and regular dental care.

A more severe form of gum disease develops if gingivitis remains untreated and is called periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that affects the soft and hard structures that support the teeth. The gums begin to pull away from the tooth and supporting gum tissues are destroyed. Bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or eventually fall out.

Chronic periodontitis, the most advanced form of the disease, progresses relatively slowly in most people and is typically more evident in adulthood. Although inflammation as a result of a bacterial infection is behind all forms of periodontal disease, a variety of factors can influence the severity of the disease. Important risk factors include inherited or genetic susceptibility, smoking, lack of adequate home care, age, diet, health history, and medications.

Symptoms

• Bad breath that won't go away

• Red or swollen gums

• Tender or bleeding gums

• Painful chewing

• Loose teeth

• Sensitive teeth

• Receding gums or longer appearing teeth